Optimizing the processing conditions of sodium potassium niobate thin films prepared by sol-gel spin coating technique

In the present study, potassium sodium niobate (KNN) thin films were synthesized by means of sol-gel spin coating method. Along with the synthesis, the effects of annealing temperature and various number of coating layers on both the structural and electrical properties were looked into. The results of the study revealed that the annealing temperature had a great impact on the properties of KNN. In addition, the XRD diffractograms and texture coefficient of the synthesized films confirmed that a highly oriented orthorhombic perovskite structure was obtained at 650 °C, whereas at a relatively higher temperature (700 °C), a spurious phase of K₄Nb₆O₁₇ was evolved. In addition, the growth of KNN at 650 °C exhibited a reasonable resistivity value for piezoelectric applications. Looking into the results, it was discovered that the KNN thin films also found to be dependent on a number of coating layers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that KNN with five coating layers was highly crystalline, cracks-free, and had significantly more homogenous surface morphology and the size of grains being uniform, the resistivity of KNN thin films improved with the increasing number of coating layers i.e., up to five.     

Improved oxidation resistance of expanded graphite through nano SiC coating

Expanded graphite with nano SiC and amorphous SiC_xO_y coating was successfully prepared through pyrolysing silane coupling agent (SCA), where the grafting of SCA dominated the final products. The results show that mainly amorphous SiC_xO_y coating covers expanded graphite at 1000 °C, regardless of the SCA concentration. In comparison, nano SiC coating can be synthesized at 1200 °C depending on the good dispersion of SCA (with a SCA concentration of 50 vol%). The formed SiC coating contributes to much higher peak oxidation temperature (812.1 °C) than 678.0 °C of the pure expanded graphite. Meanwhile, the oxidation activation energies of expanded graphite are remarkably improved from 149.15 kJ/mol to 176.16 kJ/mol (based on Kissinger method), attributing to the derived nano SiC and SiC_xO_y coating.     

PREPARATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSCALE POROUS CARBON ELECTRODE MATERIALS BASED ON RICE PLANT SOOT

Supercapacitors are a kind of novel energy storage devices with long cycle stability and high power density. Electrode materials selection is one of the key factors that affect the properties of supercapacitors. Biomass-derived electrode materials – being low cost, renewable and environmentally friendly – are therefore attracting researchers’ attention. In this work, we adopted a simple process of carbonization and activation with rice plant soot, a common biomass material, as carbon source, and finally obtained the nanoscale porous carbon electrode (NPCE) materials. Then, the electrochemical properties of the as-prepared NPCE materials were tested in 6 M KOH, and the results indicated that the specific capacitance could reach 216?Fg^?1. Therefore, this low-cost, highly efficient technique is a significant milepost towards environmentally sustainable and commercially feasible fabrication of carbon electrode materials from biomass sources.     

Effect of N-doped carbon coatings on the durability of highly loaded platinum and alloy catalysts with different carbon supports for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

An ideal oxygen reduction catalyst for use in fuel cells should exhibit both long-term durability and high activity. In this study, to increase the durability of highly loaded platinum- and platinum-nickel alloy catalysts possessing different types of carbon supports, a nitrogen-doped carbon shell was introduced on the catalyst surface through dopamine coating. As the catalyst surfaces were altered following shell formation, the ionomer contents of the catalyst inks were adjusted to optimise the three-phase boundary formation. Single cell tests were then conducted on these inks by applying them in a membrane electrolyte assembly. Furthermore, to confirm the durability of the catalysts under accelerated conditions, the operation was continued for 200 h at 70 °C and at a relative humidity of 100%. Transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical analysis were conducted before and after the durability tests, and the observed phenomena were discussed for catalysts bearing different types of carbon supports.     

Improvement of anode lifetime by flushing during electrofiltration

The paper is focused on the influence of anode flushing on physicochemical conditions in the anode compartment and anode stability during the electrodewatering in electrofilter press. Kaolin suspensions were dewatered in laboratory filter press with stainless-steel electrodes at electric current density of 80 A/m² and pressure of 2?bar. Two electrodewatering methods were compared: conventional (with filtrate drainage) and innovative (with continuous anode flushing using electrolyte solution). Flushing with neutral electrolyte solution significantly reduced the electrochemical anode corrosion, and can be suggested for the improvement of anode lifetime through a better control of physicochemical conditions during electrodewatering.     

Interface reactions between rutile coatings and molten aluminium or AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy

Rutile coatings deposited on corundum substrates are considered as promising functional elements improving the efficiency of the filtration of oxide inclusions out of aluminium melts. This contribution describes the reactions between rutile and two kinds of the aluminium melts and discusses the consequences of these reactions for the filtration process. It was found that the contact of rutile coatings with molten aluminium leads to the formation of a corundum layer at the solid/liquid interface. The exposure of the rutile coatings to molten AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy produces an interface layer of MgTiO₃. The interface layers possess defined orientation relationship to rutile which is characteristic for locally heteroepitaxial growth. The density functional theory calculations revealed that the TiO₂/α-Al₂O₃ and TiO₂/MgTiO₃ interfaces with the orientation relationships observed experimentally have low interface energies. The mechanisms of the interface layer formation and the impact of these layers on the degradation of the rutile coatings are discussed.     

Improved thermal shock resistance of SiCnw/PyC core-shell structure-toughened CVD-SiC coating

In-situ SiC nanowire (SiCnw)/pyrolytic carbon (PyC) core-shell structures were introduced to mainly improve the thermal shock performance of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-SiC coating on carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. The microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the CVD-SiC coating toughened by SiCnw/PyC core-shell structures were studied as well. The results show that the introduction of SiCnw/PyC core-shell structures can effectively alleviate the mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between SiC coating and C/C substrate, thus enhancing the thermal shock resistance of the coating. Furthermore, the increased numbers of interfaces in the SiC coating owing to the addition of core-shell structures are beneficial to the mechanical properties of the coating after thermal shock test.     

Phase stability and thermo-physical properties of ZrO2-CeO2-TiO2 ceramics for thermal barrier coatings

The properties of ZrO₂ co-stabilized by CeO₂ and TiO₂ ceramic bulks were investigated for potential thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications. Results showed that the (Ce_0.15Ti_x)Zr_0.85-xO7 (x?=?0.05, 0.10, 0.15) compositions with single tetragonal phase were more stable than the traditional 8YSZ at 1573?K. These compositions also showed a large thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and a high fracture toughness, which were comparable to those of YSZ. However, the phase stability, fracture toughness and sintering resistance of the CeO₂-TiO₂-ZrO₂ system showed a decline tendency with the increase of TiO₂ content. The TEC of the ceramic bulks decreased with increase of TiO₂ content as well because the crystal energy was enhanced with increasing substitution of Zr⁴⁺ by smaller Ti⁴⁺. The (Ce_0.15Ti_0.05)Zr_0.8O₂ had the best comprehensive properties among the (Ce_0.15Ti_x)Zr_0.85-xO₂ compositions as well as a low thermal conductivity. Therefore, it can be explored as a TBC candidate material for high-temperature applications.     

Environmental-barrier coating ceramics for resistance against attack by molten calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass: Part I,YAlO3 and γ-Y2Si2O7

The high-temperature (1500?°C) interactions of two promising dense, polycrystalline EBC ceramics, YAlO₃ (YAP) and γ-Y₂Si₂O₇, with a calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass have been explored as part of a model study. Despite the fact that the optical basicities of both the EBC ceramics and the CMAS are similar, they both react with the CMAS. In the case of the Si-free YAlO₃, the reaction zone is small and it comprises three regions of reaction-crystallization products, including Y-Ca-Si apatite solid-solution (ss) and Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG)(ss). In contrast, only Y-Ca-Si apatite(ss) forms in the case of Si-containing γ-Y₂Si₂O₇, and the reaction zone is an order-of-magnitude thicker. These CMAS interactions are analyzed in detail, and are found to be strikingly different than those observed in Y-free EBC ceramics (β-Yb₂Si₂O₇ and β-Sc₂Si₂O₇) in the accompanying Part II paper. This is attributed to the presence of the Y in the YAlO₃ and γ-Y₂Si₂O₇ EBC ceramics.     

A method for testing the interface toughness of ceramic environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs)

A simple interface fracture test for ceramic environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) was developed. A variation on the asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB) test was proposed so that the interface toughness could be measured in a small specimen of simple shape without applying interlaminar loading to the CMC substrate. The proposed test was applied to an EBC consisting of a mullite layer and Si bond coat on a monolithic SiC substrate. A pre-crack was introduced by pop-in cracking, and then a notch overlapping the pre-crack was machined. The pre-crack was opened by inserting a wedge into the notch. From the critical notch opening displacement the crack starts to propagate, interface toughness is calculated. The measured interface toughness was 4.1?J/m2. Finally, the application range of the test was discussed and suggestions were made for introduction of the notch and pre-crack.